Using sources in your text
When writing an academic text, you want to demonstrate that you have done your research and can support your arguments with previous studies. It is essential to clearly indicate which information comes from which source by citing carefully and consistently.
Why use sources?
By referring to previous research, you strengthen the credibility of your text. Sources help support your claims and place your research question in a broader context. They also allow you to build on what other scholars have discovered.
References also enable readers to verify your sources and explore them further. Accurate and clear citation shows respect for the original authors and gives them proper credit. If you don’t cite correctly, your text may be misunderstood, and you risk plagiarism, making it seem like someone else’s ideas are your own.
You can learn more about different citation styles and find guides on the Reference management page.
The different functions of sources
Sources can serve various purposes in your text. They might provide background information, support your chosen methods, offer theoretical frameworks, or serve as examples or comparisons for your own material.
Depending on the role a source plays in your text, you’ll use it differently. Often, your own writing should be the focus, and the source only needs to be mentioned according to the citation style you’re using. However, if a source is central to your work, it may be appropriate to introduce it more thoroughly—for example, by presenting the author or describing the number of participants in a study. This adds credibility and context to your writing.
Do you need to cite everything?
The general rule is that you should always indicate where information comes from when you refer to someone else’s ideas or findings. However, there are exceptions.
Common knowledge—facts that are widely known and undisputed—usually doesn’t require a citation. Examples include the date of a major historical event or the fact that Swedish is the official language of Sweden.
The line between common knowledge and subject-specific knowledge can be hard to define. If you are unsure, check with your teacher. As a rule of thumb, if you have taken information from a source, you should cite it.
How often should you cite?
Always consider the reader’s perspective. It should be easy to understand which parts of your text come from which sources and what is your own analysis or conclusion.
Avoid over-citing, as it can disrupt the flow of your text. For example, you don’t need to repeat the citation in every sentence if you are referring to the same source throughout a paragraph. However, if the reference continues in a new paragraph, you should repeat the full citation. Aim for balance—neither too many nor too few citations. Integrate them smoothly so they don’t interrupt the reading experience.
Mastering citation takes practice. If you need support, you are welcome to book a session with Academic Language:
